Which of the dementias typically have an insidious onset, often marked by initial memory problems and changes in personality and mood?

Supporting the reserve hypothesis is the finding that

a. memory failure is an inevitable, normal consequence of aging b. engaging in mental but not physical activity reduces memory loss in older adults c. there is no relationship between aging and memory loss d. remaining mentally active is associated with better cognitive functioning

According to Rotter's social learning theory, the anticipation that making a response will lead to reinforcement is called

a. reinforcement value. b. expectancy. c. self-reinforcement. d. identification.