Information is quickly "dumped" from short­term memory and forever lost unless you silently say the information over and over to yourself through a process known as

Which is NOT a reason why women were excluded from medical and clinical research well into the 1980s?

a) the inherent difficulty in controlling for biological differences between the sexes, which increased the complexity and the cost of any research design b) the unwillingness of women to subject their bodies to medical and clinical research studies c) the unknown effect of new medications on the developing fetus and the difficulty of making sure women did not become pregnant during the course of the study d) he difficulty in controlling the menstrual cycle, which can influence response to many interventions

Which of the following is a primary reinforcer?

a. money b. a bar of candy c. a buzzer d. poker chips