Lower airway anesthesia for fiberoptic bronchoscopy can be achieved via which of the following routes of administration?
1. Bronchoscopic instillation
2. Intravenous administration
3. Nebulization (aerosol delivery)
a. 1 and 2 only
b. 1 and 3 only
c. 2 and 3 only
d. 1, 2, and 3
ANS: B
Lidocaine is commonly delivered by an atomizer to the nose, by mouthwash to the oropharynx, and by nebulizer and/or instillation through the bronchoscope to the lower airways.
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