When experiments are used to determine whether therapy is effective,
a. it is not unusual for the control group to show some improvement, even without receiving therapy.
b. the therapy can be deemed effective only if the experimental group shows more improvement than the control group.
c. a waiting-list control group is used since it would be unethical to withhold treatment from someone who really needs therapy.
d. all of these can occur.
ANSWER: d
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