Is there any difference between fining people who put contaminants into the atmosphere and charging fees for putting contaminants into the air?
A) Not if the fee and the fine are the same per quantity of contaminant.
B) Not if the fee per quantity of contaminant is the same as the fine multiplied by the probability of "getting caught."
C) Only in the language or rhetoric, but not in the incentives the laws create.
D) Yes, because a fee constitutes social authorization while a fine expresses social disapproval.
D
Economics
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