Jetta was at her favorite coffee shop reading her psychology textbook. She was so engrossed in the material that she did not see her friend Willy coming up behind her. Willy approached her chair and tapped her back. Though she never learned to respond this way, Jetta jumped in surprise because Willy's tap had startled her. Which of the following would be considered the unconditioned response in this scenario?

What conclusion did Francis Galton reach after studying eminence in samples of families in England?

a) Eminence runs in families because it is an inherited characteristic. b) Eminence results when individuals inherit a gene related to insanity. c) Eminence is the result of a genetic mutation, thus its appearance cannot be predicted within families. d) Eminence runs in families as a result of environmental factors such as wealth and access to education.

In terms of the memory process, the physiological change that takes place in the brain to allow for new information to be stored is called _____

a) consolidation. b) metacognition. c) retrieval. d) encoding.