What receptors cause a rapid shallow breathing pattern when stimulated by pulmonary disease?

a. Irritant receptors
b. J receptors
c. Muscle spindles
d. Peripheral proprioceptors

ANS: B
C fibers in the lung parenchyma near the pulmonary capillaries are called juxtacapillary receptors or J receptors. Alveolar inflammatory processes (pneumonia), pulmonary vascular congestion (congestive heart failure), and pulmonary edema stimulate these receptors. This stimulation caus-es rapid, shallow breathing; a sensation of dyspnea; and expiratory narrowing of the glottis.