Define problem-centered coping and emotion-centered coping. How do school-age children use these strategies?
What will be an ideal response?
Rapid gains in emotional self-regulation occur in middle childhood. As children engage in social comparison and care more about peer approval, they must learn to manage negative emotion that threatens their self-esteem. Two general strategies for managing emotion are problem-centered coping and emotion-centered coping. In problem-centered coping, children appraise the situation as changeable, identify the difficulty, and decide what to do about it. If problem solving does not work, they engage in emotion-centered coping, which is internal, private, and aimed at controlling distress when little can be done about an outcome. For example, when faced with an anxiety-provoking test or an angry friend, older school-age children view problem solving and seeking social support as the best strategies. But when outcomes are beyond their control—for example, after receiving a bad grade—they opt for distraction or try to redefine the situation: "Things could be worse. There'll be another test." School-age children's improved ability to appraise situations and reflect on thoughts and feelings means that, compared with preschoolers, they more often use these internal strategies to manage emotion. By age 10, most children shift adaptively between the two strategies.
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Miller et al. (2007) found that exotic dancers received an average of $15 more in tips per hour on the days on which they were at their highest fertility levels compared with days when they were at their lowest levels. Compared with laboratory experiments on evolutionary psychology, what advantages does this study have?
A) It maintained some level of precision while greatly increasing both forms of generalizability. B) The use of tipping as a dependent variable increased levels of internal validity. C) It allowed researchers to control the independent variable in ways that were impossible in the lab. D) It disproved previous findings on the topic that were conducted in the laboratory.
Private speech accounts for 20-50% of the utterances of children ages 4-10.
Answer the following statement true (T) or false (F)