Which of the following is not included as a primary predictor of political participation in the socioeconomic status (SES) model?

Which of the following about hypotheses is correct?

a. The scientific hypothesis is tested because it specifies the exact relationship that is expected among the variables. b. The null hypothesis is tested because it specifies the exact relationship that is expected among variables. c. The scientific and null hypotheses are tested simultaneously. d. All of the above are correct.

Removing GAO from the purview of the executive branch is most closely associated with what principle of accountability?

a. reliability b. independence c. redundancy d. transaction costs