Which of the following is least likely to cause a shift of the consumption function?
a. A change in the level of saving
b. A change in consumer expectations about future prices
c. A change in household wealth
d. A change in investment spending
e. A change in the interest rate
d
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Suppose y is measured on the vertical axis, x is on the horizontal axis, and the various combinations of x and y are shown by a nonvertical straight line. Which of the following must be true?
a. There is a negative relation between x and y. b. There is a positive relation between x and y. c. There is a causal relation between x and y. d. If the value of x is known, the value of y can be determined. e. The value of y is independent of the value of x.
What two conditions must hold for a competitive market to produce efficient outcomes?
A. Demand curves must reflect all costs of production, and supply curves must reflect consumers' full willingness to pay. B. Supply curves must reflect all costs of production, and demand curves must reflect consumers' full willingness to pay. C. Firms must minimize production costs, and consumers must minimize total expenditures. D. Firms must maximize profits, and consumers must all pay prices equal to their maximum willingness to pay.