Situational testing is expensive, but because of its real-life quality it is a highly valid method of

You woke up late and are far behind at work. When you reach the end of your rope, you treat your secretary with hostility and disrespect. This mistreatment causes you to experience dissonance, which you are most likely to reduce by

A) engaging in self-verification by "confessing" your bad behaviour to a colleague. B) thinking about all the irresponsible or inept things he's ever done. C) apologizing to the secretary and bringing him back flowers from your lunch break. D) revising your self concept and resigning yourself to acting capriciously mean. E) giving the secretary a raise.

Griffin and Botvin found two promising directions in the prevention of substance abuse. These include positive parenting and: