"Try working backward from the desired goal to the starting point or current state." This advice describes a

Sam hates Celine Dion with a passion. One day, he meets Celine at a party. She tries to win him over by giving him her new CD. In which of the following scenarios would Sam's attitudes toward Celine be most likely to change after hearing the CD, according to dissonance theory?

a. She holds a gun to his head, forcing him to listen to it. b. She offers him a free coupon for his next dry cleaning order in exchange for listening to it. c. He decides to read suggestive passages aloud from a romantic novel while listening to it. d. She tells him to suppress his negative thoughts about her while he listens to it.

Studies reveal that social phobia is more common in compared to

a. controls; close family relatives b. close family relatives; controls c. communities; cultures d. cultures; communities