A critical election is typically associated with __________

How does the U.S. presidency differ from the "semi-presidential" system of France?

a. In France the president serves only as head of government, whereas in the United States the president serves only as head of state. b. In France the president serves only as head of state, whereas in the United States the president serves only as head of government. c. The positions of head of state and head of government are separated in the United States between the president and the vice president, whereas in France they are unified in the presidency. d. In the United States the president has influence only in foreign affairs, whereas in France the president influences both foreign and domestic affairs. e. The positions of head of state and head of government are separated in the France between the president and the prime minister, whereas in the United States they are unified in the presidency.

Which of the following is a correct way to provide within-text citations?

a. Raacke (2009) found that college students study best at night. b. It was found that college students study best at night (Raacke, 2009). c. In 2009, Raacke found that college students study best at night. d. All of the above