Formal information channels are characterized by ________
A) the transmission of spontaneous messages
B) the emergence in response to individual choices
C) the absence of noise in the communication cycle
D) the personal and social nature of usage
E) the compliance with the organizational authority chain
E
Explanation: E) Formal channels are established by the organization and transmit messages related to the professional activities of members. They traditionally follow the authority chain within the organization. Other forms of messages, such as personal or social, follow informal channels, which are spontaneous and emerge as a response to individual choices.
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Which term best describes the behaviors of Neena and Tariq?
Isaiah, an employee at Lakeside Ventures Inc., is assigned a team project. He is concerned about this project because his compensation is partly dependent upon the team's performance. One of his team members, Connor, thinks his contributions are not important and decides to let the rest of the team members do the work. Two other team members, Neena and Tariq, work hard as long as all are together, but do not work well on their own. Isaiah has the responsibility of keeping his team members motivated in order to improve their performance.
The table above shows the stock prices and multiples for a number of firms in the newspaper publishing industry. Another newspaper publishing firm (not shown) had sales of $600 million,
Name Market Enterprise Enterprise Enterprise Capitalization Value Price/ Value/ Value/ ($ million) ($ million) P/E Book Sales EBITDA Gannet 6350 10,163 7.36 0.73 1.4 5.04 New York Times 2423 3472 18.09 2.64 1.10 7.21 McClatchy 675 3061 9.76 1.68 1.40 5.64 Media General 326 1192 14.89 0.39 1.31 7.65 Lee Enterprises 267 1724 6.55 0.82 1.57 6.65 Average 11.33 1.25 1.35 6.44 Maximum +60% 112% +16% +22% Minimum -40% -69% -18% -19% EBITDA of $84 million, excess cash of $68 million, $18 million of debt, and 120 million shares outstanding. If the average enterprise value to sales for comparable businesses is used, which of the following is the best estimate of the firm's share price? A) $6.45 B) $7.20 C) $7.17 D) $7.53