Race-based and gender-based laws are given the same constitutional scrutiny by the Supreme Court

Which of the following is an accurate statement about high-constraint, laboratory research?

A) It has high internal validity but may have low external validity. B) It is necessarily high in both external and internal validity. C) It is so constrained that it has no external validity. D) It must include at least four groups for proper controls.

Party government theory argues that

a. the extent to which the rules of an institution allow the majority party to control the institution's actions drives the political outcomes emanating from the institution. b. party unity is based largely on individual party members' preferences. c. presidential systems encourage political conflicts without providing the means to resolve them. d. some features of presidential systems can enhance political stability compared to certain parliamentary approaches. e. party discipline is higher in parliamentary systems than in presidential systems.