The Literary Digest tried to predict the outcome of the presidential elections of 1936 by using a nonscientific poll and an unrepresentative sample. As a result, the pollsters forecast that Republican Alfred Landon would easily defeat Democratic incumbent Franklin D. Roosevelt. This is an example of _____.

After leaving the polls, a voter tells a reporter that she voted against the incumbent governor because she didn't think that the governor had done a good job. This statement is an expression of which of the following?

a) Coattail effect b) Prospective voting c) Retrospective voting d) Conservatism e) Straight-ticket voting

Interest groups maintain that one of their major contributions to deliberation is

a. bringing suit against the government when rights are endangered. b. directing the flow of donations to the proper officials. c. donating to campaigns. d. educating policymakers about their issues. e. presiding over congressional hearings.