"Children observe the world around than and develop mental concepts to represent the concepts of male and female. They then develop a concept of their own gender, and adjust their behaviors to be consistent with that concept."

Stephen LaBerge and his colleagues at the Stanford University Sleep Research Center were able to show that lucid dreams are real and that lucid dreamers were able to do all of the following EXCEPT

a. utilize prearranged signals when they became aware they were dreaming. b. be able to look up abruptly in a dream, causing a distinct upward eye movement. c. verbally mumble "awake." d. clench their right and left fists in a prearranged pattern.

In an experiment, Jay and Alissa are injected with the same concentration of a harmless drug. The purpose of the drug is to create arousal in the subjects who are injected. After a while, the arousal manifests as anger in Jay and as happiness in Alissa. Jay felt angry that he was injected with an unknown substance but Alissa was happy to be a part of the experiment. These experimental findings

can be explained by the _____. A) cognitive-dissonance theory B) Cannon-Bard theory C) cognitive-appraisal theory D) James-Lange theory