Which of the following is not one of the four representational formats in Pinker's model?

Chapter 5 discussed the relationship between the violence of a TV program and people's recall of commercials shown during that program. According to this research, people recall a commercial more accurately

a. when the program is extremely violent. b. when the program is moderately violent. c. when the program is nonviolent. d. when the visual component of the program is nonviolent but the auditory component is moderately violent.

In one study, participants were exposed to negative information about their favorite Presidential candidate. Both Democrats and Republicans were quick to identify the opponent's _____ but were less likely to do so for their preferred candidate

A) exculpatory statements B) congruent statements C) contradictory statements D) linguistic errors