Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a psychological disorder that is a possible consequence of a major stressful event. Please answer the following questions by offering insight and examples for each question. "Is it possible to have PTSD without experiencing the event directly?" and "How can culture affect PTSD?"

What will be an ideal response?

Recently, psychologists have argued that PTSD can occur even if the even is not experience directly. Evidence surrounding 9/11 supports this perspective (Marshall et al.2007). Studies show that psychological processes at the time of or around the trauma, not prior characteristics are the strongest predictors of PTSD. Researchers are now expanding their thoughts that PTSD only occur for war, and talking about how sexual assault victims also can have PTSD. PTSD might result in some cultures, such as in Iraq, from the results from the day to day changes even more so than the actual traumatic event.