The most basic, yet most central, statistical concept for psychological measurement is

According to Rescorla and Wagner, an eliciting stimulus serves as a reinforcer

a. anytime it is paired with another stimulus. b. only if it is the sole stimulus that follows a response. c. only if it is appetitive. d. only if it evokes a response that is not already occurring. e. whenvever it occurs in sufficient temporal contiguity with the response.

Marvin is reading a textbook on the history of mental

illnesses, and he is relieved to find that as times shifted from the Middle Ages into the Renaissance, an enlightenment took place. Which of the following statements is Marvin most likely to read in this section of his book? A) "Kinder methods of treating mental illness, including exorcism, were introduced as the era of the Renaissance began." B) "When the Renaissance began, the primary reference that guided the way in which mental illness was viewed was called the Malleus Malleficarum." C) "As the Middle Ages ended, so too did reliance on the medical model." D) "As the Renaissance emerged, mental illness came to be viewed through the medical model."