In a cross-sectional study of individuals ranging in age from 13 to 90 years, researchers found that self-control was lowest in the _____ domain for individuals who were 13 to 18 years old.

The whole-word approach to teaching reading emphasizes that

a. readers directly connect a written word with the word's meaning. b. we should emphasize the way that words sound. c. readers perceive the individual letters in the visual stimulus, so we should take a bottom-up approach to reading. d. beginning readers emphasize the whole word; advanced readers emphasize the sounds within each word.

Which of the following students provides the most accurate summary of the whole-language approach to reading?

a. Matthias: "Teachers should emphasize the meaning of a story, so that children would be eager to learn to read." b. Mark: "Teachers should emphasize the gestalt of each word, in other words, the whole word, rather than just a collection of letters." c. Becca: "Teachers should read interesting books to children, so that children can appreciate how stories are constructed." d. KayLyn: "Teachers should provide extensive background information on a story, before the children try to read the text."