Why did Jean Piaget describe the years between 2 and 6 as the stage of preoperational thought?

A therapist asks a patient to describe what he believes would happen if his worst-case scenario became reality. The patient says, "If I fail this test, I'll never get into graduate school." What cognitive aspect is the therapist working with?

a. self-fulfilling prophecy b. automatic thinking c. decatastrophizing d. all-or-nothing thinking

Dr. Heinz has designed a new test for assessing depression. She has found that repeated administrations of the test have had consistent results across her sample subjects. We could say that her test has high

a. psychometric soundness. b. reliability. c. validity. d. significance. e. efficacy.