Melzack's theory that some pain messages can block other pain messages is called

In the early nineteenth century, the brains of Africans, Native Americans, and Asians were

a) considered to be simple and crude, resulting in lower rates of insanity. b) considered to have a higher level of cognitive sophistication, resulting in lower rates of insanity. c) thought to be the same as all people, so their rates of insanity were equal to "non-native" peoples. d) not subjected to the ills of living in an industrialized society, resulting in lower rates of insanity.

Dissonance theory assumes that justification

(a) involves self-consciously talking to yourself (b) involves awareness of the dissonance (c) involves conscious awareness of the techniques used to reduce dissonance (d) always involves a change in behavior (e) may be unconscious