An original message or file that has not yet been encrypted is referred to as ciphertext.

What is the value of GRID(5, 4) after the instructions corresponding to the following pseudocode are executed?

``` R = 1 DOWHILE R < 5 C = 2 DOWHILE C < 5 GRID(R, C) = R + C C = C + 1 ENDDO R = R + 2 ENDDO ``` a) 7 b) 8 c) 9 d) undefined

__________ enable programmers to specify, with a single method declaration, a set of related methods.

a. Overloaded methods. b. Overriden methods. c. Generic methods. d. Generics.