What step can be taken on an undefined and ad-hoc process to decrease costs of production?

In order to create a namespace called student, you use

a. namespace student { //code goes here } b. { namespace student //code goes here } c. student namespace { //code goes here } d. { student namespace //code goes here }

Explain how Tracert uses an ICMP packet and the TTL value to map the path to an IP address.

What will be an ideal response?