If economists forecast a decrease in aggregate expenditure, which of the following is likely to occur?

In the U.S., taxes on capital gains are computed using

a. nominal gains. This is one way by which higher inflation discourages saving. b. nominal gains. This is one way by which higher inflation encourages saving. c. real gains. This is one way by which higher inflation discourages saving. d. real gains. This is one way by which higher inflation encourages saving.

Answer the following statements true (T) or false (F)

1. If the minimum efficient scale in an industry is smaller than the size of the market of that industry, then we would have a natural-monopoly situation. 2. The fundamental reason that newspapers have such high prices is the high production costs from diseconomies of scale. 3. "3-D printers" are capable of producing real output like chairs or machine parts using a computer-controlled special printer at low cost even if you produce only one unit of output. 4. If start-up firms can quickly shift the short-run cost curves up and to the left, they would improve their chances of becoming profitable.