David and Christian Romer's estimate of monetary policy's current effectiveness lag, defined as the time necessary for a policy change to have one-half its ultimate effect on GDP, is approximately ________ months

In cost-effectiveness analysis, constant cost studies:

a. are rarely used b. attempt to specify the output which may be achieved from a number of alternative programs, assuming all are funded at the same level c. are useless because they fail to adequately evaluate program benefits d. try to find the least expensive way of achieving a certain objective e. none of the above

Where interdependence is especially pronounced, competition among oligopolists will

A. resemble military tactics and strategies. B. disappear. C. lead to large increases in product output. D. entice more firms to enter the market.