List and briefly define the three positions identified by Hochschild (1983) that employees can take toward their work
What will be an ideal response?
Over-identification: He or she may over-identify with the work that they are doing. This type of
worker does not see his or her work as acting.
Separation with guilt: Some workers will try to compensate for over-identification by separating
themselves from the work that they are doing. Although these workers make themselves less
likely burnout candidates, they often feel guilty over the gap between their ideal feelings and
their displayed feelings.
Estrangement: Workers can compensate for the costs of emotional labor by estranging
themselves from all levels of acting. The employee does risk losing a job since the job itself
calls for some form of acting. If over-identification means the employees are too much a part of
the job, these workers are too little a part of the job.
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What occurs during the interpretation stage of the perception process?
a. Missing information is filled in. b. Stimuli is organized. c. Certain stimuli are focused on. d. Meaning is assigned to stimuli.
What does it mean for the East Asian orientation to be particularistic?
a. Different rules apply in different contexts. b. There is a sharp distinction between the in-group and the out-group. c. There is a strong sense of fatalism. d. People frequently use people they know personally as intermediaries.