Young religious adolescents often gather, "dressed as they are," piercings and all, to express their commitment to their religion by means of hip-hop and rap music

Which of the following has been found to reduce the likelihood that people will engage in confirmatory hypothesis testing?

a. having low self-esteem b. having a need for valid, accurate information c. being in a hurry d. being a member of an individualistic culture

The test-retest and split-half procedures are used to establish

A) validity B) reliability C) t-test results D) cause-and-effect relationships