Which of the following factors when paired with an individual's genotype creates an expression of their phenotype?

Although the various Chinese "dialects" are actually mutually unintelligible languages, Mandarin is the __________ language of the country because it is the language of government, education, and business.

Fill in the blank(s) with the appropriate word(s).

The effect of our motivations on our retrieval of memories ____

a. ?can lead to distortion so that original information is hardly recognizable b. ?can exist but is unlikely to affect current attitudes or actions c. ?has not been substantiated by research studies d. ?is primarily one of mild distortion, like a ripple in a pond