Contraindications for using positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP) in conjunction with mechan-ical ventilation include which of the following?
1. Untreated bronchopleural fistula
2. Chronic airway obstruction
3. Untreated pneumothorax
a. 1 and 2 only
b. 1 and 3 only
c. 2 and 3 only
d. 1, 2, and 3
ANS: B
PEEP is contraindicated in the presence of an unmanaged bronchopleural fistula or pneumotho-rax.
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