The ability to acquire information about objects with the hands, to discriminate and recognize objects from handling them as opposed to looking at them, is known as

Lindy is a college professor who is attempting to improve the performance of her students by making the course materials more learning-friendly. She rearranges the room, purchases lamps, and develops a new set of readings. Her students do, in fact, improve. If this improvement stemmed from a Hawthorne effect, then it can be best attributed to

a. the students' perception that they were receiving special treatment. b. the students' feeling that Lindy's class is better than other classes. c. Lindy's positive attitude toward education. d. the effect of physical setting on academic performance.

Mead's field research on tribal customs in New Guinea suggests that gender roles

a. are canalized traits that occur universally without variation. b. reflect the unique personalities of family members. c. are influenced by observations of family friends. d. vary widely among cultures.