In ABA designs, measurements are taken before and after the administering of an independent variable only

What was the issue in the 1989 Texas v. Johnson case?

a) Should the government protect the burning of flags as free expression? b) Should citizens be allowed to burn their draft cards as symbolic speech? c) Are individuals who distribute leaflets in a mall protected by the First Amendment? d) Does free speech give individuals the right to say anything they want on television?

Say you had the following hypothesis: Democracies are more likely than dictatorships to join international organizations. If you want your hypothesis to be falsifiable, which measure of democracy should you use?

The Democracy-Dictatorship (DD) measure of democracy classifies a country as a democracy if (a) the chief executive is elected, (b) the legislature is elected, (c) more than one party competes, and (d) there has been an alternation in power. The Freedom House measure classifies a country’s level of “freedom” based on many criteria, including whether the government is accountable, the level of corruption, if minorities are autonomous, if people are treated equally under the law, if they have equality of opportunity, and so on. Say you had the following hypothesis: Governments are less corrupt in democracies than in non-democracies. A. You should use Democracy-Dictatorship. B. You should use Freedom House. C. You could use either measure and the hypothesis would be falsifiable. D. You should not use either measure.