In what sort of reasoning does one move from general ideas to their specific implications?

The hygiene hypothesis purports that children today are overprotected from viruses and bacteria

Indicate whether this statement is true or false.

Luis picks up a pack of cigarettes and reads, "Cigarette smoking is harmful to your health." Which one of the following statements leads one to believe Luis is actually having cognitive dissonance?

a) "I've been smoking my whole life and I don't have health problems." b) "No one I know who smokes is sick." c) "I know these cigarettes are killing me but I just can't stop." d) "That is not true. Cigarettes are not that harmful."