Discuss the impact that child-rearing styles have on academic achievement in adolescence

What will be an ideal response?

As in childhood, authoritative parenting is linked to higher grades among adolescents varying widely in SES, just as it predicts mastery-oriented behavior in childhood. In contrast, authoritarian and permissive styles are associated with lower grades. Uninvolved parenting predicts the poorest grades and worsening school performance over time. Adolescents whose parents engage in joint decision making, gradually permitting more autonomy with age, achieve especially well. Warmth, open discussion, firmness, and monitoring of the adolescents' whereabouts and activities make young people feel cared about and valued, encourage reflective thinking and self-regulation, and increase awareness of the importance of doing well in school. These factors, in turn, are related to mastery-oriented attributions, effort, achievement, and high educational aspirations.