Which of the following is/are considered noncardiogenic cause(s) of increased capillary permeability?
1. Therapeutic lung radiation
2. Cigarette smoke
3. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
4. Inhaled phosgene
a. 1
b. 2, 3
c. 1, 3, 4
d. 1, 2, 3, 4
C
Among the many causes of noncardiogenic pulmonary edema are therapeutic lung radiation, ARDS, and inhaled phosgene. Cigarette smoke is associated with lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease but does not cause increased capillary permeability.
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