A powerful way that communication shapes the self is the self-fulfilling prophecy. Which of the following best describes a self-fulfilling prophecy?

a. During music practice, the conductor informs Sally that she is repeatedly missing the same note. Sally tells herself she will miss the same note in the musical recital. During the recital, she misses the same note that she told herself she would miss.
b. The conductor tells John that Sally will miss a note in the recital and then John tells Sally.
c. Sally secretly believes that John will miss a note in the recital and he does.
d. During a practice session, the conductor shouts at John because he misses a note. The conductor makes a bet with John that he will miss the note during the recital.
e. all of the above

a