_____ is best described as the imitation of an action that may have occurred hours, days, or even weeks earlier.

Industrial plant managers who conduct time-and-motion studies and task analyses, and who use assembly lines to improve productivity, probably believe in

a. Theory X leadership. b. Theory Y leadership. c. psychological efficiency. d. participative management.

If, as a manager, you alter workers' time schedules, quotas, or bonuses, you are trying to affect

a. job specialization. b. psychological efficiency. c. participatory leadership. d. work efficiency.