When brand equity is measured using a comparison of a branded product to the same product without a brand name, such as a private label, the method is:

An employer is contractually liable for acts of its employee even though the employee acted without authority when the:

A. employee causes a loss to a third party. B. employee had authority sometime in the past. C. employer ratifies the unauthorized acts. D. employee has no financial resources and could not compensate the third party for any loss.

Jessica has a strong need to affiliate with other people. She is therefore likely to display the personality trait of

A) extraversion. B) introversion. C) emotional instability. D) conscientiousness.