Animal research is critically important for the study of variables that can't be _____ ethically in human subjects

Which of the following is an example of classical conditioning?

a. A child learns to blink her eyes to a bell because the ringing of the bell has been followed by a puff of air to the eye. b. A pigeon learns to peck at a disk in a Skinner box to get food. c. Rich saw that when Donna banged her fist against a particular vending machine, she got a free soft drink, so now he bangs his fist against that machine when he wants a free soft drink. d. A monkey learns to escape from a cage.

When asked to name the most likely persons to die in drunk driving accidents, most people will say "innocent victims." When asked for the likely outcome in cases in which people plead "not guilty by reason of insanity,"

most people will point to cases like John Hinckley and say that the plea is successful. In both examples, the responses are wrong. What general principle leads us to make such errors? a) confirmation bias b) divergent thinking c) availability heuristic d) representativeness heuristic