In Authors Guild v. Google, a US District Court judge ruled that Google’s project to scan millions of copyrighted books was a fair use of copyrighted books because

a. it is an example of time shifting.
b. it is an example of space shifting.
c. Google pledged to give all of the profits to charity.
d. the project represents a highly transformative use of the copyrighted material.
e. all of the copyrights will eventually expire, but the database will last for centuries.

D