There are as many as __________ NGOs and 5,000 IGOs globally.

The second sentence of the Fourteenth Amendment, which includes both the “equal protection clause” and the “due process clause,” means in part that

a. states are equally protected from the federal government dictating the process through which taxes are paid when due. b. all persons enjoy the same civil liberties and rights, which the states cannot deny without following reasonable, legally established procedures applied equally to everyone. c. those who want to challenge something under the U.S. Constitution can do so by filing a case in the nearest U.S. Court of Appeals. d. all persons enjoy the same civil liberties and rights that the federal government cannot deny without following reasonable procedures established by the states and applied as each state sees fit to all citizens.

Explain why a tautological statement is problematic for an empirical analysis and provide an example.

What will be an ideal response?