Interest groups often file friend-of-the-court briefs as a way of influencing court decisions

The so-called fog of war refers to the phenomenon of:

A. uncertainty and unpredictability in battle. B. emotions taking over during battle. C. soldiers not remembering battle afterwards. D. post-traumatic stress disorder. E. propaganda surrounding war.

How did James Madison believe factions would be prevented?

What will be an ideal response?