In a two-way analysis of variance, what is the population variance estimate for the denominator of the F ratios for the main and interaction effects?
A) All effects are tested using the same estimate based on averaging the estimates of the variance of scores within each cell.
B) Each effect is tested using a variance estimate based on the variation within the appropriate groupings.
C) Each effect is tested using a variance estimate based on the variation among the appropriate marginal means.
D) The row and column effects are tested using an estimate based on the variation within the appropriate groupings, but the interaction effect is tested based on averaging the estimates based on variance of scores within each cell.
A
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Which of the following students provides the best summary of the research on children's metamemory?
a. Arthur: "Children understand some of the characteristics of memory, but they don't realize that you need to make a real effort in order to memorize something." b. Maya: "Children have very little awareness of any aspects of metacognition until they have reached school age." c. Katarina: "Children develop metacognitive abilities much earlier than psychologists had previously suspected; these skills are quite sophisticated by the time children reach school age." d. Luke: "Unfortunately, it is difficult to assess cognitive skills in preschool children; but 5-year-olds have metacognitive skills that resemble the skills of 10-year-olds."
Fred is excited about his upcoming vacation to Europe. However, the $12,000 the vacation will cost him has him worried. This is an example of a(n) __________
a) avoidance-avoidance conflict. b) approach-approach conflict. c) approach-avoidance conflict. d) double approach-avoidance conflict.