Describe the special ethical considerations associated with evaluation research. How might a researcher lessen the detrimental impacts to subjects?
What will be an ideal response?
First is the issue of randomly assigning participants some social program or benefit. One justification for this given by evaluation researchers has to do with the scarcity of these resources; second it may not be ethical simply to bar some potential participants from the programs. In this situation, evaluation researchers may test alternative treatments or provide some alternative benefit while the treatment is being denied; ethical concerns must also be given special attention when evaluation research involves members of vulnerable populations as subjects. To conduct research on children, parental consent is usually required before the child can be approached directly about the research; alter the group allocation ratios to minimize the number of the untreated control group; use the minimum sample size required to be able to adequately test the results; test just parts of new programs rather than the entire program; compare treatments that vary in intensity (rather than presence or absence); vary treatments between settings rather than among individuals within a setting.
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How does representational federalism differ from other forms of federalism?
a. It claims that most political power and responsibility lies with the states rather than with the federal government. b. It asserts that federalism is defined by the role of the states in electing members of Congress, not by any constitutional division of powers. c. It suggest that the national government should have the primary responsibility for determining both national and state goals. d. It holds that state legislatures can determine whether a national law violates the Constitution.
The legal strategy in the Brown case was to prevent the Court from ordering the admission of a black student because tangible facilities were not equal and to
a) require the states to equalize educational facilities. b) force the Court to review the doctrine of segregation itself. c) request the national government to enforce the Plessy decision. d) limit the advancement of segregation practices.