The psychometric approach is the only accurate explanation of cognitive development

An important difference between Vygotksy's view and guided participation is that guided participation emphasizes

A) maturation of brain structures. B) the importance of positive feedback and punishment on behavior. C) how a person's social roles or interactions with others change as the person develops. D) equilibration of internal dynamic processes.

Which of the following leads directly to improved reading and spelling performance in the elementary school years?

a. teaching kindergarten children the letter names b. helping kindergarten children realize that words consist of separable sounds c. both a and b d. neither a nor b