Which of the following are potential hazards of using a heated humidifier during mechanical ventilation?

1. Aerosolization of condensate during disconnection
2. Underhydration or impaction of secretions
3. Hypoventilation due to increased dead space
4. Unintended tracheal lavage from condensate
a. 1 and 3 only
b. 2, and 3 only
c. 3 and 4 only
d. 1, 2, and 4 only

ANS: D
The AARC has published Clinical Practice Guideline: Humidification During Mechanical Venti-lation. Excerpts are in CPG 38-1.