If, as Arkes and Tetlock have speculated, Jesse Jackson were to "fail" an IAT that asks about his attitudes toward African Americans, it is because ________

a) he endorses negative stereotypes toward African Americans but is nevertheless slower to respond to pairings of "African American" and "good" (than to African American and bad)
b) although he does not endorse negative stereotypes of African Americans in the culture, he is nevertheless slower to respond to pairings of "African American" and "bad" (than to African American and good)
c) in attempting to fake his score, he may inadvertently show negative attitudes toward African Americans
d) although he does not endorse negative stereotypes of African Americans in the culture, he has good knowledge of those stereotypes
e) stereotype threat may cause his anxiety in taking the test to result in faster responses to positive-word/African American pairings (than to negative-word/African American pairings)

d