The use of shame as a punishment ______________
a. is referred to as psychological control among U.S. researchers
b. has been related to positive outcomes in both Western and traditional cultures
c. is associated with high rates of behavior problems in Japanese children
d. is universally accepted as the best method of discipline because it does not include physical punishment
Answer: A
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Among psychoanalysts, homosexuality was first seen as ________, but later was seen as ________
A) a form of criminal behavior; defense against heterosexual urges B) a result of highly pathological parent-child relationships; a conscious effort to gain attention C) a severe form of psychological disability; a normal variant of sexual behavior D) a variation of sexual function; a pathological escape from heterosexuality