A serious weakness of the pretest-posttest, natural control-group design is that

A) the two groups may be statistically different from each other at the start of the study.
B) the two groups may be statistically equivalent at the start of the study.
C) experimenter effects cannot be prevented.
D) there is no control for effects due to history or maturation.

Answer: A

Political Science

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We would use which of the following to operationally define

physical well-being? a. adequacy of housing and shelter b. calories consumed per person c. life expectancy d. infant mortality rates

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The Supreme Court's Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857) decision narrowed the scope of the federal government's power by determining that __________

a. state laws were supreme over conflicting national laws b. states had inherent power to nullify federal laws c. Congress could not regulate interstate commerce d. Congress lacked the authority to ban slavery in the territories

Political Science